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3D Printing in Smart Construction and Prototyping

  Revolutionizing the Building Industry Introduction The integration of 3D printing technology into the construction industry has sparked a revolution in the way buildings are designed, prototyped, and constructed. With its ability to fabricate complex structures layer by layer, 3D printing offers unparalleled flexibility, efficiency, and sustainability in construction processes. In this article, we explore the transformative impact of 3D printing in smart construction and prototyping, examining its applications, benefits, and future prospects in reshaping the built environment. Understanding 3D Printing in Construction: 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, involves the layer-by-layer deposition of materials to create three-dimensional objects from digital models or CAD (Computer-Aided Design) files. In the context of construction, 3D printing enables the fabrication of building components, structures, and even entire buildings usin
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Mobile Technologies

Mobile technology has come a long way since the early 1980s. In the early years, we had simple two-way pagers and bulky cell phones the size of landline headsets, and poor reception was only available on radios. Mobile technologies are ubiquitous today as high-tech devices operate in the most remote places. Today, a standard mobile device is not just a unit for oral and written communication; It also works as a GPS navigator, internet browser and game console. In addition, the functionality can be extended to a variety of skills through mobile apps.

What is mobile technology?

Mobile technology refers to any technology that is "portable." The critical components of mobile technology are as follows:

Portable two-way communication devices

Cellular or network technology

Different types of mobile technologies

What are the different mobile technologies? There are four main types of cellular networks: cellular, 4G networks, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connections. Below is an in-depth analysis of the different kinds of mobile technology.

cell technology

First on our list of mobile technologies is cellular technology. A cellular network is a communication system where the last link is wireless. Mobile signals travel from the transmitting device to a mobile base station. The base station sends the call to a central office, and from there, it is sent to other base stations until it reaches the receiving device. Cellular companies must calculate the number of base stations within a service area. To achieve the same transmission quality in all coverage areas, all rooms must have a uniform shape and size. The most common model used for cellular networks are unitary, hexagonally shaped regions called cells, hence the term "cellular technology". The example image below shows a base station with an omnidirectional antenna installed in the centre of each cell. These cells provide comprehensive geographic coverage and allow many different types of portable devices to communicate with each other and other fixed devices connected to the network. To make phone calls or surf the Internet with a mobile device, the first step is to connect the device to a base station. A cellular network consists of thousands of base stations, and most of the populated land area of the planet is covered by base stations. The mobile device must select the base station that offers the best quality of service. This association is one of the fundamental problems of radio resource management. When a user is on the move, the mobile device must constantly change association as each base station has limited coverage; this is called carryover. The other problem with radio resources is that multiple devices must communicate simultaneously and share capacity on the same channel. The solution to this problem is a Media Access Control (MAC) protocol.

A MAC protocol multiplexes multiple data streams from different devices to share the same channel to solve addressing problems: how a device gets a medium when it needs it, etc. MAC protocols were initially developed for wired communications, where several computers had to transmit data packets in a local area network (LAN) simultaneously. The physical medium in wired networks is copper or fibre optic cables, which are reliable and have ample bandwidth. There is little packet loss, and MAC protocol designs are relatively simple. In cellular networks, MAC protocol designs are complicated primarily due to the diffraction, scattering, or reflection of a radio signal when it reaches its receiver. In such cases, the signal degrades, signal quality varies, and robust transmission is required to mitigate the problem. There is also significant interference from other nearby mobile devices. There are two types of MAC protocols, contention-free and contention-based.

free from containment

In this design, a central controller coordinates the allocation of resources. The main controller can be a base station in a cellular network or an access point in a wireless local area network. Devices use predetermined or assigned network resources such as antennas, frequency bands, codes, and time slots to send data packets. A central scheduler ensures that transmissions from different devices do not collide. Network operators can guarantee quality.